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Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–11
The Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911, or the Westmoreland coal miners' strike,〔(Westmoreland Coal Miner’s Strike 1910 – 1911 ). Jrmcdono.myweb.uga.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.〕 was a strike by coal miners represented by the United Mine Workers of America. The strike is also known as the Slovak Strike because about 70 percent of the miners were Slovak immigrants.〔 It began in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, on March 9, 1910, and ended on July 1, 1911. At its height, the strike encompassed 65 mines and 15,000 coal miners.〔McDonough, "Worker Solidarity, Judicial Oppression, and Police Repression in the Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Coal Miner's Strike, 1910–1911", ''Pennsylvania History,'' 1997.〕〔Cupp, "1910–11 Irwin Gas Coal Basin Strike Led to Industry Changes", ''Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,'' February 23, 2007.〕 Sixteen people were killed during the strike, nearly all of them striking miners or members of their families. The strike ended in defeat for the union.
==Background==
The Irwin gas coal basin is an area in Westmoreland and Venango Counties, Pennsylvania. It encompasses the townships of North Huntingdon, Penn, Sewickley, Salem, South Huntingdon, Hempfield and Irwin, and the boroughs of Murrysville, Export and Delmont. The coal mined in the district was unsuitable for use as coke. However, it was ideal for gasification and conversion into coal gas.〔
Seven companies dominated coal mining in the Irwin Basin in 1910. In 1854, the Westmoreland Coal Company was formed to begin mining coal in the region. In 1905, it bought a controlling interest in Penn Gas Coal, a company established in 1861 to gasify coal. Penn Gas Coal, in turn, had obtained a one-third ownership in the Manor Gas Coal Company. Through these purchases, Westmoreland Coal had a near-monopoly on the gas coal market, and was the largest bituminous coal company in the Pennsylvania.〔〔"Westmoreland Coal Company Historical Timeline", Westmoreland Coal Company, No date.〕 In 1892, Robert Jamison and his sons founded the Jamison Coal and Coke Company (originally the Jamison Coal Company).〔Jamison Coal was sold to the Consolidation Coal Company in 1947, and is now Consol Energy. Van Atta, "When Jamison Coal Was King", ''Pittsburgh Tribune-Review,'' April 10, 1994.〕 In 1886, the Berwind family and Judge Allison White founded the Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.〔"History", Berwind Co., 2004.〕 In 1902, a number of smaller coal gas companies in and around Greensburg, Pennsylvania, merged to form the Keystone Coal and Coke Company. In 1905, Latrobe-Connellsville Coal and Coke Company was formed when Marcus W. Saxman merged three of his wholly owned or controlled coal companies.〔"First Saxman Settled Near Latrobe Shortly After Braddock's Defeat", ''Latrobe Bulletin,'' June 21, 1954.〕
These companies were very paternalistic. Company towns (colloquially referred to as "coal patches") were established, company stores founded and workers often paid in company scrip.〔〔Fishback, "Did Coal Miners 'Owe Their Souls to the Company Store'? Theory and Evidence from the Early 1900s", ''Journal of Economic History,'' December 1986.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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